Dietary Patterns and Healthy Ageing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Abstract

Background: The global population is ageing rapidly, with individuals aged 60 and above projected to reach 2.1 billion by 2050 [1]. Diet represents a modifiable risk factor that may influence the rate of biological ageing and age-related disease incidence.

Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes evidence on the relationship between dietary patterns and markers of healthy ageing.

Data Sources: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from inception to December 2024.

Study Selection: Prospective cohort studies (≥2-year follow-up) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs, ≥6-month duration) examining associations between defined dietary patterns and ageing outcomes in adults (≥50 years) were included.

Data Synthesis: Eighty-seven studies comprising 5.8 million participants were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. Mediterranean diet adherence was associated with reduced all-cause mortality (pooled HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.75-0.83, I²=56%) and cognitive decline (HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.67-0.79, I²=48%). Caloric restriction demonstrated benefits for ageing biomarkers including reduced oxidative stress and inflammation [4,12]. Plant-based dietary patterns showed consistent associations with reduced frailty risk (HR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.76-0.88). Quality of evidence ranged from moderate to high.

Conclusions: Multiple dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean diet and plant-based approaches, demonstrate consistent associations with markers of healthy ageing [3,7]. These findings support dietary modification as a strategy for promoting longevity and healthspan.

Keywords: Ageing, longevity, diet, nutrition, Mediterranean diet, caloric restriction, meta-analysis